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Bitcoin is the most secure blockchain in the world, supported by the immensehash power of its Proof-of-Work miners. Proof-of-Stake chains areenergy-efficient, have fast finality but face several security issues:susceptibility to non-slashable long-range safety attacks, low livenessresilience and difficulty to bootstrap from low token valuation. We show thatthese security issues are inherent in any PoS chain without an external trustedsource, and propose a new protocol, Babylon, where an off-the-shelf PoSprotocol checkpoints onto Bitcoin to resolve these issues. An impossibilityresult justifies the optimality of Babylon. A use case of Babylon is to reducethe stake withdrawal delay: our experimental results show that this delay canbe reduced from weeks in existing PoS chains to less than 5 hours usingBabylon, at a transaction cost of less than 10K USD per annum for posting thecheckpoints onto Bitcoin.

Bitcoin-Enhanced Proof-of-Stake Security: Possibilities and Impossibilities