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In this paper, dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. Jean Cleymans, thenuclear modification factors, $R_{xA}$, are investigated for pion production insmall system collisions, measured by PHENIX experiment at RHIC (RelativisticHeavy Ion Collider). The theoretical framework is the transverse momentum$k_T$-factorization formalism for hard processes at small momentum fraction,$x$. Evidence for collective expansion and thermal effects for pions, producedat equilibrium, is studied based on phenomenological parametrization ofblast-wave type in the relaxation time approximation. The dependencies on thecentrality and on the projectile species are discussed in terms of the behaviorof Cronin peak and the suppression of $R_{xA}$ at large transverse momentum,$p_T$. The multiplicity of produced particles, which is sensitive to the softsector of the spectra, is also included in the present analysis.

Nuclear Modification Factor in Small System Collisions within Perturbative QCD Including Thermal Effects