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The self-organization is one of the most interesting phenomena in thenon-equilibrium complex system, generating ordered structures of differentsizes and durations. In tokamak plasmas, various self-organized phenomena havebeen reported, and two of them, coexisting in the near-marginal (interactiondominant) regime, are avalanches and the $E \times B$ staircase. Avalanchesmean the ballistic flux propagation event through successive interactions as itpropagates, and the $E \times B$ staircase means a globally ordered pattern ofself-organized zonal flow layers. Various models have been suggested tounderstand their characteristics and relation, but experimental researches havebeen mostly limited to the demonstration of their existence. Here we reportdetailed analyses of their dynamics and statistics and explain their relation.Avalanches influence the formation and the width distribution of the $E \timesB$ staircase, while the $E \times B$ staircase confines avalanches within itsmesoscopic width until dissipated or penetrated. Our perspective to considerthem the self-organization phenomena enhances our fundamental understanding ofthem as well as links our findings with the self-organization of mesoscopicstructures in various complex systems.

Mesoscopic transport in KSTAR plasmas: avalanches and the $E \times B$ staircase