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Simultaneously transmitting (refracting) and reflecting reconfigurableintelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) have been recently identified to improve thespectrum/energy efficiency and extend the communication range. However, theirpotential for enhanced concurrent indoor and outdoor localization has not yetbeen explored. In this paper, we study the fundamental limits, i.e., theCram\'er Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) via Fisher information analyses, on thethree-dimensional (3D) localization performance with a STAR-RIS at millimeterwave frequencies. The effect of the power splitting between refraction andreflection at the STAR-RIS as well as the power allocation between the twomobile stations (MSs) are investigated. By maximizing the principal anglebetween the two subspaces corresponding to the STAR-RIS reflection andrefraction matrices, we are able to find the optimal solutions for thesesimultaneous operations. We verify that high-accuracy 3D localization can beachieved for both indoor and outdoor MSs when the system parameters are welloptimized.

Simultaneous Indoor and Outdoor 3D Localization with STAR-RIS-Assisted Millimeter Wave Systems