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An appropriate ethical framework around the use of Artificial Intelligence(AI) in healthcare has become a key desirable with the increasingly widespreaddeployment of this technology. Advances in AI hold the promise of improving theprecision of outcome prediction at the level of the individual. However, theaddition of these technologies to patient-clinician interactions, as with anycomplex human interaction, has potential pitfalls. While physicians have alwayshad to carefully consider the ethical background and implications of theiractions, detailed deliberations around fast-moving technological progress maynot have kept up. We use a common but key challenge in healthcare interactions,the disclosure of bad news (likely imminent death), to illustrate how thephilosophical framework of the 'Felicific Calculus' developed in the 18thcentury by Jeremy Bentham, may have a timely quasi-quantitative application inthe age of AI. We show how this ethical algorithm can be used to assess, acrossseven mutually exclusive and exhaustive domains, whether an AI-supported actioncan be morally justified.

Breaking Bad News in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Algorithmic  Medicine: An Exploration of Disclosure and its Ethical Justification using  the Hedonic Calculus