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Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has emerged as a promising technology toenhance the wireless communication network coverage and capacity by dynamicallycontrolling the radio signal propagation environment. In contrast to theexisting works that considered active or passive IRS only, we propose in thispaper a new hybrid active-passive IRS architecture that consists of both activeand passive reflecting elements, thus achieving their combined advantagesflexibly. Under a practical channel setup with Rician fading where only thestatistical channel state information (CSI) is available, we study the hybridIRS design in a multi-user communication system. Specifically, we formulate anoptimization problem to maximize the achievable ergodic capacity of theworst-case user by designing the hybrid IRS beamforming and active/passiveelements allocation based on the statistical CSI, subject to various practicalconstraints on the active-element amplification factor and amplification powerconsumption, as well as the total active and passive elements deploymentbudget. To solve this challenging problem, we first approximate the ergodiccapacity in a simpler form and then propose an efficient algorithm to solve theproblem optimally. Moreover, we show that for the special case with allchannels to be line-of-sight (LoS), only active elements need to be deployedwhen the total deployment budget is sufficiently small, while both active andpassive elements should be deployed with a decreasing number ratio when thebudget increases and exceeds a certain threshold. Finally, numerical resultsare presented which demonstrate the performance gains of the proposed hybridIRS architecture and its optimal design over the conventional schemes withactive/passive IRS only under various practical system setups.

Active-Passive IRS aided Wireless Communication: New Hybrid Architecture and Elements Allocation Optimization