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Social games like the prisoner's dilemma are often used to develop models ofthe role of emotion in social decision-making. Here we examine an understudiedaspect of emotion in such games: how an individual's feelings are shaped bytheir partner's expressions. Prior research has tended to focus on otheraspects of emotion. Research on felt-emotion has focused on how an individual'sfeelings shape how they treat their partner, or whether these feelings areauthentically expressed. Research on expressed-emotion has focused on how anindividual's decisions are shaped by their partner's expressions, withoutregard for whether these expressions actually evoke feelings. Here, we usecomputer-generated characters to examine how an individual's moment-to-momentfeelings are shaped by (1) how they are treated by their partner and (2) whattheir partner expresses during this treatment. Surprisingly, we find thatpartner expressions are far more important than actions in determiningself-reported feelings. In other words, our partner can behave in a selfish andexploitive way, but if they show a collaborative pattern of expressions, wewill feel greater pleasure collaborating with them. These results alsoemphasize the importance of context in determining how someone will feel inresponse to an expression (i.e., knowing a partner is happy is insufficient; wemust know what they are happy-at). We discuss the implications of this work forcognitive-system design, emotion theory, and methodological practice inaffective computing.

The Impact of Partner Expressions on Felt Emotion in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma: An Event-level Analysis