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We present a conceptual model for measuring disparity using an observationaltarget trial (an inception cohort with minimal intervention). First, we discussdisparity definitions in public health and medicine and how they relate to adescriptive measure of disparity. Second, we outline the key elements of thetarget trial and provide inverse probability weighting and g-computationestimators to emulate it. Third, we discuss non-random selection into theeligible population and its contribution to a disparity measure from anormative and moral perspective. Fourth, for investigators who wish to do so,we extend our target trial model and its emulation to remove the contributionof non-random selection from disparity (via a stochastic intervention on all orsome of the variables that establish eligibility) under various causalstructures. We demonstrate our methods using electronic medical records tomeasure racial disparities in hypertension control in a regional health system.

The Observational Target Trial: A Conceptual Model for Measuring Disparity