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The increased power consumption of high-resolution data converters at highercarrier frequencies and larger bandwidths is becoming a bottleneck forcommunication systems. In this paper, we consider a fully digital base stationequipped with 1-bit analog-to-digital (in uplink) and digital-to-analog (indownlink) converters on each radio frequency chain. The base stationcommunicates with multiple single antenna users with individual SINRconstraints. We first establish the uplink downlink duality principle under1-bit hardware constraints under an uncorrelated quantization noise assumption.We then present a linear solution to the multi-user downlink beamformingproblem based on the uplink downlink duality principle. The proposed solutiontakes into account the hardware constraints and jointly optimizes the downlinkbeamformers and the power allocated to each user. Optimized dithering obtainedby adding dummy users to the true system users ensures that the uncorrelatedquantization noise assumption is true under realistic settings. Detailedsimulations carried out using 3GPP channel models generated from Quadriga showthat our proposed solution outperforms state of the art solutions in terms ofthe ergodic sum and minimum rate especially when the number of users is large.We also demonstrate that the proposed solution significantly reduces theperformance gap from non-linear solutions in terms of the uncoded bit errorrate at a fraction of the computational complexity.

Multi-user Downlink Beamforming using Uplink Downlink Duality with 1-bit Converters for Flat Fading Channels