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The narrowband and far-field assumption in conventional wireless systemdesign leads to a mismatch with the optimal beamforming required for widebandand near-field systems. This discrepancy is exacerbated for larger aperturesand bandwidths. To characterize the behavior of near-field and widebandsystems, we derive the beamforming gain expression achieved by a frequency-flatphased array designed for plane-wave propagation. To determine the far-field tonear-field boundary for a wideband system, we propose a frequency-selectivedistance metric. The proposed far-field threshold increases for frequenciesaway from the center frequency. The analysis results in a fundamental upperbound on the product of the array aperture and the system bandwidth. We presentnumerical results to illustrate how the gain threshold affects the maximumusable bandwidth for the n260 and n261 5G NR bands.

A wideband generalization of the near-field region for extremely large phased-arrays