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Blockchain technologies are facing a scalability challenge, which must beovercome to guarantee a wider adoption of the technology. This scalabilityissue is mostly caused by the use of consensus algorithms to guarantee thetotal order of the chain of blocks (and of the operations within each block).However, total order is often overkilling, since important advancedapplications of smart-contracts do not require a total order of all theoperations. Hence, if a more relaxed partial order (instead of a total order)is allowed under certain safety conditions, a much higher scalability can beachieved. In this paper, we propose a distributed concurrent data type, calledSetchain, that allows implementing this partial order and increasessignificantly blockchain scalability. A Setchain implements a grow-only setobject whose elements are not totally ordered, unlike conventional blockchainoperations. When convenient, the Setchain allows forcing a synchronizationbarrier that assigns permanently an epoch number to a subset of the latestelements added. With the Setchain, operations in the same epoch are notordered, while operations in different epochs are. We present differentByzantine-tolerant implementations of Setchain, prove their correctness andreport on an empirical evaluation of a direct implementation. Our results showthat Setchain is orders of magnitude faster than consensus-based ledgers toimplement grow-only sets with epoch synchronization. Since the Setchainbarriers can be synchronized with block consolidation, Setchain objects can beused as a sidechain to implement many smart contract solutions with much fasteroperations than on basic blockchains.

Setchain: Improving Blockchain Scalability with Byzantine Distributed Sets and Barriers