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An original thermodynamically consistent large strains-based multiphasephase-field (PF) approach of Ginzburg-Landau type is developed for studying thegrain boundary (GB)-induced martensitic transformations (MTs) inpolycrystalline materials at the nanoscale considering the structural stresseswithin the interfaces. In this general PF approach, N independent orderparameters are used for describing the austenite (A)<->martensite (M)transformations and N(>1) martensitic variants, and another M independent orderparameters are considered for describing M(>1) grains in the polycrystallinesamples. The change in the GB energy due to its structural rearrangement duringMTs is considered using variable energy for the GB(s) as a function of theorder parameter related to the A<->M transformation. A rich plot for thetemperatures of transformations between the A, premartensite, and M in abicrystal with a symmetric planar tilt GB are plotted for the varyingaustenitic GB width. The strong effects of the parameters, including theaustenitic GB width, change in GB energy due to MTs, GB misorientation, appliedstrains, and sample size on heterogeneous nucleation of the phases and thesubsequent complex martensitic microstructures evolution are explored invarious bicrystals with symmetric or asymmetric planar or circular tilt GBsduring the forward and reverse transformations. The triple junction (TJ) energyand the energy and width of the adjacent GBs are also shown to stronglyinfluence the nucleation and microstructures using the tricrystals having threesymmetric planar tilt GBs. The compatibility of the microstructures across theGBs is studied. The elastic and structural stresses across the GBs and TJregions are plotted, which is essential for understanding the role of GBs andTJs in materials failure.

Grain boundary-induced martensitic transformations: A phase-field study  of nucleation, size-effect, triple junction-effect, microstructures, and  compatibility at the nanoscale