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IoT devices, edge devices and embedded devices, in general, are ubiquitous.The energy consumption of such devices is important both due to the totalnumber of devices deployed and because such devices are often battery-powered.Hence, improving the energy efficiency of such high-performance embeddedsystems is crucial. The first step to decreasing energy consumption is toaccurately measure it, as we base our conclusions and decisions on themeasurements. Given the importance of the measurements, it surprised us thatmost publications dedicate little space and effort to the description of theirexperimental setup.  One variable of importance of the measurement system is the samplingfrequency, e.g. how often the continuous signal's voltage and current aremeasured per second. In this paper, we systematically explore the impact of thesampling frequency on the accuracy of the measurement system. We measure theenergy consumption of a Hardkernel Odroid-XU4 board executing nine Rodiniabenchmarks with a wide range of runtimes and options at 4kHz, which is thestandard sampling frequency of our measurement system. We show that one needsto measure at least at 350Hz to achieve equivalent results in comparison to theoriginal power traces. Sampling at 1Hz (e.g. Hardkernel SmartPower2) results ina maximum error of 80%.

Can we trust our energy measurements? A study on the Odroid-XU4