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Timelines are common visualizations to represent and manipulate temporaldata, from historical events storytelling to animation authoring. However,timeline visualizations rarely consider spatio-temporal 3D data (e.g. mesh orvolumetric models) directly, which are typically explored using 3D visualizersonly displaying one time-step at a time. In this paper, leveraging theincreased workspace and 3D interaction capabilities of virtual reality, wepropose to use timelines for the visualization of 3D temporal data to supportexploration and analysis. First, we propose a timeline design space for 3Dtemporal data extending the timeline design space proposed by Brehmer et al.The proposed design space adapts the scale, layout and representationdimensions to account for the depth dimension and how 3D temporal data can bepartitioned and structured. In our approach, an additional dimension isintroduced, the support, which further characterizes the 3D dimension of thevisualization. To complement the design space and the interaction capabilitiesof VR systems, we discuss the interaction methods required for the efficientvisualization of 3D timelines. Then, to evaluate the benefits of 3D timelines,we conducted a formal evaluation with two main objectives: comparing theproposed visualization with a traditional visualization method; exploring howusers interact with different 3D timeline designs. Our results showed thattime-related tasks can be achieved more comfortably using timelines, and moreefficiently for specific tasks requiring the analysis of the surroundingtemporal context. Though the comparison between the different timeline designswere inconclusive, participants reported a clear preference towards thetimeline design that did not occupy the vertical space. Finally, we illustratethe use of the 3D timelines to a real use-case on the analysis of biological 3Dtemporal datasets.

Timeline Design Space for Immersive Exploration of Time-Varying Spatial 3D Data