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With increasing prevalence of severe natural hazards and the ignition ofwildfires by power lines, many power system planners are considering convertingoverhead lines to underground cables to mitigate risks related to these events.Systems with a large proportion of underground cables can bring challenges dueto the capacitance and losses of the cables, factors which may limit thepotential for hardening in critical areas. Low frequency AC (LFAC) transmissionsolves these problems, as lowering the frequency decreases both the effects ofcapacitance and the losses. This paper presents a tractable frequency-dependentmodel for underground cables and incorporates it into the open source optimalpower flow tool VariableFrequencyOPF.jl. The model and implementation are usedto demonstrate the benefits of LFAC in a case study involving twomulti-terminal cable upgrades with LFAC, including a comparison with HVDC. Theresults demonstrate the value of LFAC systems for both power flow control andreduction of losses.

Enabling Undergrounding of Long-Distance Transmission Lines with Low Frequency AC Technology