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The Open Access Citation Advantage (OACA) has been a major topic ofdiscussion in the literature over the past twenty years. In this paper, wepropose a method to constitute a control group to isolate the OACA effect.Thus, we compared citation impact (MNCS) of 2,458,378 publications in fully OAjournals to that (weighted MNCS) of a control group of non-OA publications(\#10,310,842). Similarly, we did the same exercise for OA publications inhybrid journals (\#1,024,430) and their control group (\#11,533,001), over theperiod 2010-2020. The results showed that there is no OACA for publications infully OA journals, and that there is rather a disadvantage. Conversely, theOACA seems to be a reality in hybrid journals, suggesting that a betteraccessibility in this context tends to improve the visibility of publications.The lack of OACA for publications in fully OA journals is to be expected, as agreat proportion of OA journals are newly created and less attractive tohigh-impact senior researchers.Another striking result of this paper is thefall of the OACA from 2016. The citation advantage fell from 70% to 9% between2016 and 2020 (for publications in hybrid journals). We wonder if this fall islinked to the increase in the notoriety of pirate sites (eg Sci-Hub) from 2016.In other words, the democratization of pirate sites instantly cancels thepositive effect of OA publication insofar as the question of access toscientific content no longer arises.

Does Open Access Really Increase Impact? A Large-Scale Randomized Analysis