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The phase field model can accurately simulate the evolution ofmicrostructures with complex morphologies, and it has been widely used for cellmodeling in the last two decades. However, compared to other cellular modelssuch as the coarse-grained model and the vertex model, its high computationalcost caused by three-dimensional spatial discretization hampered itsapplication and scalability, especially for multicellular organisms. Recently,we built a phase field model coupled with in vivo imaging data to accuratelyreconstruct the embryonic morphogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans from 1- to8-cell stages [Kuang et al, PLoS Comput. Biol., 2022]. In this work, we proposean improved phase field model by using the stabilized numerical scheme andmodified volume constriction. Then we present a scalable phase-field framework,MorphoSim, which is 100 times more efficient than the previous one, and cansimulate over 100 mechanically interacting cells. Finally, we demonstrate howMorphoSim can be successfully applied to reproduce the assembly,self-repairing, and dissociation of a synthetic artificial multicellular system- the synNotch system.

MorphoSim: An efficient and scalable phase-field framework for accurately simulating multicellular morphologies