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For quantum computations without error correction, the dynamics of asimulation can strongly influence the overall fidelity decay rate as well asthe relative impact of different noise processes on the fidelity. Theoreticalmodels of Markovian noise that include incoherent Lindblad noise, gate-basederrors, and stochastic Hamiltonian noise qualitatively agree that greaterdiffusion and entanglement throughout Hilbert space typically increase thefidelity decay rate. Simulations of the gate-efficient quantum sawtooth mapsupport these predictions, and experiments performed on three qubits on theIBM-Q quantum hardware platform at fixed gate count qualitatively confirm thepredictions. A pure depolarizing noise model, often used within randomizedbenchmarking (RB) theory, cannot explain the observed effect, but gate-basedLindblad models can provide an explanation. They can also estimate theeffective Lindblad coherence times during gates, and find a consistent$2\text{-}3\times$ shorter effective $T_2$ dephasing time than reported foridle qubits. Additionally, the observed error per CNOT gate exceeds IBM-Q'sreported value from RB by $3.0\times$ during localized dynamics and $4.5\times$during diffusive dynamics. This demonstrates the magnitude by which RBunderstates error in a complex quantum simulation due to dynamics andcrosstalk.

Impact of dynamics, entanglement, and Markovian noise on the fidelity of few-qubit digital quantum simulation