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The energy consumption of wireless networks is a growing concern. In massiveMIMO systems, which are being increasingly deployed as part of the 5G roll-out,the power amplifiers in the base stations have a large impact in terms of powerdemands. Most of the current massive MIMO precoders are designed to minimizethe transmit power. However, the efficiency of the power amplifiers depend ontheir operating regime with respect to their saturation regime, and theconsumed power proves to be non-linearly related to the transmit power. Powerconsumption-based equivalents of maximum ratio transmission, zero-forcing, andregularized zero-forcing precoders are therefore proposed. We show how thestructure of the solutions radically changes. While all antennas should beactive in order to minimize the transmit power, we find on the contrary that asmaller number of antennas should be activated if the objective is the powerconsumed by the power amplifiers.

Linear Precoder Design in Massive MIMO under Realistic Power Amplifier Consumption Constraint