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Background: Due to the societal, economic, and health costs of COVID-19non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), it is important to assess theireffects. Human mobility serves as a surrogate for human contacts and complianceto NPIs. In Nordic countries, NPIs have mostly been advised and sometimes mademandatory. It is unclear if making NPIs mandatory further reduced mobility.  Aim: We investigated the effect of non-compulsory and follow-up mandatorymeasures in major cities and rural regions on human mobility in Norway. Weidentified NPI categories that most affected mobility.  Methods: We used mobile phone mobility data from the largest Norwegianoperator. We analysed non-compulsory and mandatory measures with before-afterand synthetic difference-in-differences approaches. By regression, weinvestigated the impact of different NPIs on mobility.  Results: Nationally and in less populated regions, follow-up mandatorymeasures further decreased time, but not distance travelled. In urban areas,however, follow-up mandates also decreased distance, and the effect exceededthat of initial non-compulsory measures. Stricter metre rules, gyms closing andreopening, restrictions on guests in homes, and face mask recommendations mostimpacted distance travelled. Time travelled was most affected by gyms closingand restaurants and shops reopening.  Conclusion: Overall, non-compulsory measures appeared to decrease distancetravelled from home, while mandates further decreased this metric in urbanareas. Time travelled is reduced more by mandates than by non-compulsorymeasures for all regions and interventions. Stricter distancing and restrictednumber of guests were associated with decreases in mobility.

Effects of Non-Compulsory and Mandatory COVID-19 Interventions on Travel Distance and Time Away from Home: The Case of Norway in 2021