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Existing empirical work has focused on assessing the effectiveness ofnon-pharmaceutical interventions on human mobility to contain the spread ofCOVID-19. Less is known about the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic hasreshaped the spatial patterns of population movement within countries.Anecdotal evidence of an urban exodus from large cities to rural areas emergedduring early phases of the pandemic across western societies. Yet, these claimshave not been empirically assessed. Traditional data sources, such as censusesoffer coarse temporal frequency to analyse population movement over short-timeintervals. Drawing on a data set of 21 million observations from Facebookusers, we aim to analyse the extent and evolution of changes in the spatialpatterns of population movement across the rural-urban continuum in Britainover an 18-month period from March, 2020 to August, 2021. Our findings show anoverall and sustained decline in population movement during periods of highstringency measures, with the most densely populated areas reporting thelargest reductions. During these periods, we also find evidence ofhigher-than-average mobility from highly dense population areas to low denselypopulated areas, lending some support to claims of large-scale populationmovements from large cities. Yet, we show that these trends were temporary.Overall mobility levels trended back to pre-coronavirus levels after the easingof non-pharmaceutical interventions. Following these interventions, we alsofound a reduction in movement to low density areas and a rise in mobility tohigh density agglomerations. Overall, these findings reveal that while COVID-19generated shock waves leading to temporary changes in the patterns ofpopulation movement in Britain, the resulting vibrations have not significantlyreshaped the prevalent structures in the national pattern of populationmovement.

Urban Exodus? Understanding Human Mobility in Britain During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Facebook Data