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High-performance osmotic energy conversion requires both large ionicthroughput and high ionic selectivity, which can be significantly promoted byexterior surface charges simultaneously, especially for short nanopores. Here,we investigate the enhancement of ionic diffusion by charged exterior surfacesunder various conditions and explore corresponding effective charged areas.From simulations, ionic diffusion is promoted more significantly by exteriorsurface charges through nanopores with a shorter length, wider diameter, andlarger surface charge density, or under higher salt gradients. Effective widthsof the charged ring regions near nanopores are reversely proportional to thepore length and linearly dependent on the pore diameter, salt gradient, andsurface charge density. Due to the important role of effective charged areas inthe propagation of ionic diffusion through single nanopores to cases withporous membranes, our results may provide useful guidance to the design andfabrication of porous membranes for practical high-performance osmotic energyharvesting.

Effective Charged Exterior Surfaces for Enhanced Ionic Diffusion through Nanopores under Salt Gradients