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Embedded devices are increasingly ubiquitous and their importance is hard tooverestimate. While they often support safety-critical functions (e.g., inmedical devices and sensor-alarm combinations), they are usually implementedunder strict cost/energy budgets, using low-end microcontroller units (MCUs)that lack sophisticated security mechanisms. Motivated by this issue, recentwork developed architectures capable of generating Proofs of Execution (PoX)for the correct/expected software in potentially compromised low-end MCUs. Inpractice, this capability can be leveraged to provide "integrity from birth" tosensor data, by binding the sensed results/outputs to an unforgeablecryptographic proof of execution of the expected sensing process. Despite thissignificant progress, current PoX schemes for low-end MCUs ignore the real-timeneeds of many applications. In particular, security of current PoX schemesprecludes any interrupts during the execution being proved. We argue that lackof asynchronous capabilities (i.e., interrupts within PoX) can obscure PoXusefulness, as several applications require processing real-time andasynchronous events. To bridge this gap, we propose, implement, and evaluate anArchitecture for Secure Asynchronous Processing in PoX (ASAP). ASAP is secureunder full software compromise, enables asynchronous PoX, and incurs lesshardware overhead than prior work.

ASAP: Reconciling Asynchronous Real-Time Operations and Proofs of Execution in Simple Embedded Systems