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Multicolor super-resolution imaging remains an intractable challenge for bothfar-field and near-field based super-resolution techniques. Planarsuper-oscillatory lens (SOL), a far-field subwavelength-focusing diffractivelens device, holds great potential for achieving sub-diffraction-limit imagingat multiple wavelengths. However, conventional SOL devices suffer from anumerical aperture (NA) related intrinsic tradeoff among the depth of focus(DoF), chromatic dispersion and focus spot size, being an essentialcharacteristics of common diffractive optical elements. Typically, the limitedDoF and significant chromatism associated with high NA can lead to unfavorabledegradation of image quality although increasing NA imporves the resolution.Here, we apply a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) optimization approachto design an apochromatic binary-phase SOL that generates axially jointedmultifoci concurrently having prolonged DoF, customized working distance (WD)and suppressed side-lobes yet minimized main-lobe size, optimizing theaforementioned NA-dependent tradeoff. Experimental implementation of thisGA-optimized SOL demonstrates simultaneous focusing of blue, green and redlight beams into an optical needle half of the incident wavelength in diameterat 428 um WD, resulting in an ultimate resolution better than one third of theincident wavelength in the lateral dimension. By integrating this apochromaticSOL device with a commercial fluorescence microscope, we employ the opticalneedle to perform, for the first time, three-dimensional super-resolutionmulticolor fluorescence imaging of the unseen fine structure of neurons at onego. The present study provides not only a practical route to far-fieldmulticolor super-resolution imaging but also a viable approach for constructingimaging systems avoiding complex sample positioning and unfavorablephotobleaching.

Super-resolution multicolor fluorescence microscopy enabled by an apochromatic super-oscillatory lens with extended depth-of-focus