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The intelligent omni-surface (IOS) is a dynamic metasurface that has recentlybeen proposed to achieve full-dimensional communications by realizing the dualfunction of anomalous reflection and anomalous refraction. Existing researchworks provide only simplified models for the reflection and refractionresponses of the IOS, which do not explicitly depend on the physical structureof the IOS and the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic (EM) wave.Therefore, the available reflection-refraction models are insufficient tocharacterize the performance of full-dimensional communications. In this paper,we propose a complete and detailed circuit-based reflection-refraction modelfor the IOS, which is formulated in terms of the physical structure andequivalent circuits of the IOS elements, as well as we validate it againstfull-wave EM simulations. Based on the proposed circuit-based model for theIOS, we analyze the asymmetry between the reflection and transmissioncoefficients. Moreover, the proposed circuit-based model is utilized foroptimizing the hybrid beamforming of IOS-assisted networks and hence improvingthe system performance. To verify the circuit-based model, the theoreticalfindings, and to evaluate the performance of full-dimensional beamforming, weimplement a prototype of IOS and deploy an IOS-assisted wireless communicationtestbed to experimentally measure the beam patterns and to quantify theachievable rate. The obtained experimental results validate the theoreticalfindings and the accuracy of the proposed circuit-based reflection-refractionmodel for IOSs.

Intelligent Omni-Surfaces: Reflection-Refraction Circuit Model, Full-Dimensional Beamforming, and System Implementation