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Chang'e-3(CE-3) has been the first spacecraft to soft-land on the Moon sincethe Soviet Union's Luna 24 in 1976. The spacecraft arrived at Mare Imbrium onDecember 14, 2013 and the same day, Yutu lunar rover separated from lander tostart its exploration of the surface and the subsurface around the landingsite. The rover was equipped, among other instruments, with two LunarPenetrating Radar systems (LPR) having a working frequency of 60 and 500 MHz.The radars acquired data for about two weeks while the rover was slowly movingalong a path of about 114 m. At Navigation point N0209 the rover got stackedinto the lunar soil and after that only data at fixed position could becollected. The low frequency radar data have been analyzed by different authorsand published in two different papers, which reported totally controversialinterpretations of the radar cross sections. The present study is devoted toresolve such controversy carefully analyzing and comparing the data collectedon the Moon by Yutu rover and on Earth by a prototype of LRP mounted onboard amodel of the CE-3 lunar rover. Such analysis demonstrates that the deep radarfeatures previously ascribed to the lunar shallow stratigraphy are not realreflectors, rather they are signal artefacts probably generated by the systemand its electromagnetic interaction with the metallic rover.

Pitfalls in gpr data interpretation: false reflectors detected in lunar radar cross sections by Chang'e-3