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Radio localization is applied in high-frequency (e.g., mmWave and THz)systems to support communication and to provide location-based services withoutextra infrastructure. {For solving localization problems, a simplified,stationary, narrowband far-field channel model is widely used due to itscompact formulation.} However, with increased array size in extra-large MIMOsystems and increased bandwidth at upper mmWave bands, the effect of channelspatial non-stationarity (SNS), spherical wave model (SWM), and beam squinteffect (BSE) cannot be ignored. In this case, localization performance will beaffected when an inaccurate channel model deviating from the true model isadopted. In this work, we employ the MCRB (misspecified Cram\'er-Rao lowerbound) to lower bound the localization error using a simplified mismatchedmodel while the observed data is governed by a more complex true model. Thesimulation results show that among all the model impairments, the SNS has theleast contribution, the SWM dominates when the distance is small compared tothe array size, and the BSE has a more significant effect when the distance ismuch larger than the array size.

Channel Model Mismatch Analysis for XL-MIMO Systems from a Localization Perspective