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Ambient exposure to fine particulate matters of diameters smaller than2.5{\mu}m (PM2.5) has been identified as one critical cause for respiratorydisease. Disparities in exposure to PM2.5 among income groups at individualresidences are known to exist and are easy to calculate. Existing approachesfor exposure assessment, however, do not capture the exposure implied by thedynamic mobility of city dwellers that accounts for a large proportion of theexposure outside homes. To overcome the challenge of gauging the exposure toPM2.5 for city dwellers, we analyzed billions of anonymized andprivacy-enhanced location-based data generated by mobile phone users in HarrisCounty, Texas, to characterize the mobility patterns of the populations andassociated exposure. We introduce the metric for exposure extent based on thetime people spent at places with the air pollutant and examine the disparitiesin mobility-based exposure across income groups. Our results show that PM2.5emissions disproportionately expose low-income populations due to theirmobility activities. People with higher-than-average income are exposed tolower levels of PM2.5 emissions. These disparities in mobility-based exposureare the result of frequent visits of low-income people to the industrialsectors of urban areas with high PM2.5 emissions, and the larger mobility scaleof these people for life needs. The results inform about environmental justiceand public health strategies, not only to reduce the overall PM2.5 exposure butalso to mitigate the disproportional impacts on low-income populations. Thefindings also suggest that an integration of extensive fine-scale populationmobility and pollution emissions data can unveil new insights into inequalityin air pollution exposures at the urban scale.

Human Mobility Disproportionately Extends PM2.5 Emission Exposure for Low Income Populations