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Voter suppression and associated racial disparities in access to voting arelong-standing civil rights concerns in the United States. Barriers to votinghave taken many forms over the decades. A history of violent explicitdiscouragement has shifted to more subtle access limitations that can includelong lines and wait times, long travel times to reach a polling station, andother logistical barriers to voting. Our focus in this work is on quantifyingdisparities in voting access pertaining to the overall time-to-vote, and howthey could be remedied via a better choice of polling location or provisioningmore sites where voters can cast ballots. However, appropriately calibratingaccess disparities is difficult because of the need to account for factors suchas population density and different community expectations for reasonabletravel times.  In this paper, we quantify access to polling locations, developing amethodology for the calibrated measurement of racial disparities in pollinglocation "load" and distance to polling locations. We apply this methodology toa study of real-world data from Florida and North Carolina to identifydisparities in voting access from the 2020 election. We also introducealgorithms, with modifications to handle scale, that can reduce thesedisparities by suggesting new polling locations from a given list of identifiedpublic locations (including schools and libraries). Applying these algorithmson the 2020 election location data also helps to expose and explore tradeoffsbetween the cost of allocating more polling locations and the potential impacton access disparities. The developed voting access measurement methodology andalgorithmic remediation technique is a first step in better polling locationassignment.

Measuring and mitigating voting access disparities: a study of race and polling locations in Florida and North Carolina