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The classic trilateration technique can localize each target based on itsdistances to three anchors with known coordinates. Usually, this techniquerequires all the anchors and targets, e.g., the satellites and the mobilephones in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), to activelytransmit/receive radio signals such that the delay of the one-way radio signalpropagated between each anchor and each target can be measured. Excitingly,this paper will show that the trilateration technique can be generalized to thescenario where one of the three anchors and all the targets merely reflect theradio signals passively as in radar networks, even if the propagation delaybetween the passive IRS and the passive targets is difficult to be measureddirectly, and the data association issue for multi-sensor multi-target trackingarises. Specifically, we consider device-free sensing in a cellular networkconsisting of two base stations (BSs), one passive intelligent reflectingsurface (IRS), and multiple passive targets, to realize integrated sensing andcommunication (ISAC). The two BSs transmit the orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM) signals in the downlink and estimate the locations of thetargets based on their reflected signals via/not via the IRS. We propose anefficient trilateration-based strategy that can first estimate the distances ofeach target to the two BSs and the IRS and then localize the targets. Numericalresults show that the considered networked sensing architecture withheterogenous anchors can outperform its counterpart with three BSs.

Trilateration-Based Device-Free Sensing: Two Base Stations and One Passive IRS Are Sufficient