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Outdoor-to-indoor (OtI) signal propagation further challenges the alreadytight link budgets at millimeter-wave (mmWave). To gain insight into OtI mmWavescenarios at 28 GHz, we conducted an extensive measurement campaign consistingof over 2,200 link measurements. In total, 43 OtI scenarios were measured inWest Harlem, New York City, covering seven highly diverse buildings. Themeasured OtI path gain can vary by up to 40 dB for a given link distance, andthe empirical path gain model for all data shows an average of 30 dB excessloss over free space at distances beyond 50 m, with an RMS fitting error of11.7 dB. The type of glass is found to be the single dominant feature for OtIloss, with 20 dB observed difference between empirical path gain models forscenarios with low-loss and high-loss glass. The presence of scaffolding, treefoliage, or elevated subway tracks, as well as difference in floor height areeach found to have an impact between 5-10 dB. We show that for urban buildingswith high-loss glass, OtI coverage can support 500 Mbps for 90% of indoor userequipment (UEs) with a base station (BS) antenna placed up to 49 m away. Forbuildings with low-loss glass, such as our case study covering multipleclassrooms of a public school, data rates over 2.5/1.2 Gbps are possible from aBS 68/175 m away from the school building, when a line-of-sight path isavailable. We expect these results to be useful for the deployment of mmWavenetworks in dense urban environments as well as the development of relevantscheduling and beam management algorithms.

Outdoor-to-Indoor 28 GHz Wireless Measurements in Manhattan: Path Loss, Environmental Effects, and 90% Coverage