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This work focuses on the formation of mating aggregates in zooplankton. Inparticular, sexual encounters are behaviourally supported by males activelyswimming in search for females, and approaching them for mating once they arefound. While the random search leads to a diffusive flux of individuals, theapproaching for encounter supports attraction. Thus, we ask whether thesecompeting mechanisms of diffusion and attraction can support aggregation andlead to the formation of mating clusters. To answer our question we formulate amodel in which particles performing random walks can briefly make contact withother particles if they are found within a particular distance from each other.Our analysis shows that this model supports clustering in a way analogous tothe process of colloid aggregation. Following that, we analyze a dataset of 3Dtrajectories of swimming copepods and show that the results compare well withour model. These results support the hypothesis that pair-interactions promotemating aggregates in zooplankton and are sufficient to overcome the diffusivenature of their mate searching behavior. Our results are useful forunderstanding small-scale clustering of zooplankton, which is crucial forpredicting encounter rates and reproduction rates in the ocean.

Clustering through pair interactions in swimming zooplankton