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Incorporating fresh members in teams is considered a pathway to teamcreativity. However, whether freshness improves team performance or not remainsunclear, as well as the optimal involvement of fresh members for teamperformance. This study uses a group of authors on the byline of a publicationas a proxy for a scientific team. We extend an indicator, i.e., team freshness,to measure the extent to which a scientific team incorporates new members, bycalculating the fraction of new collaboration relations established within theteam. Based on more than 43 million scientific publications covering more thana half-century of research from Microsoft Academic Graph, this study provides aholistic picture of the current development of team freshness by outlining thetemporal evolution of freshness, and its disciplinary distribution.Subsequently, using a multivariable regression approach, we examine theassociation between team freshness and papers'short-term and long-termcitations.The major findings are as follows: (1)team freshness in scientificteams has been increasing in the past half-century; (2)there exists aninverted-U-shaped association between team freshness and papers' citations inall the disciplines and in different periods;(3)the inverted-U-shapedrelationship between team freshness and papers' citations is only found insmall teams, while, in large teams, team freshness is significantly positivelyrelated to papers' citations.

Team formation and team performance: The balance between team freshness and repeat collaboration