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The power of word embeddings is attributed to the linguistic theory thatsimilar words will appear in similar contexts. This idea is specificallyinvoked by noting that "you shall know a word by the company it keeps," a quotefrom British linguist J.R. Firth who, along with his American colleague ZelligHarris, is often credited with the invention of "distributional semantics."While both Firth and Harris are cited in all major NLP textbooks and manyfoundational papers, the content and differences between their theories isseldom discussed. Engaging in a close reading of their work, we discover twodistinct and in many ways divergent theories of meaning. One focusesexclusively on the internal workings of linguistic forms, while the otherinvites us to consider words in new company - not just with other linguisticelements, but also in a broader cultural and situational context. Contrastingthese theories from the perspective of current debates in NLP, we discover inFirth a figure who could guide the field towards a more culturally groundednotion of semantics. We consider how an expanded notion of "context" might bemodeled in practice through two different strategies: comparativestratification and syntagmatic extension

What company do words keep? Revisiting the distributional semantics of J.R. Firth & Zellig Harris