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While many human imaging methodologies probe the structural and functionalconnectivity of the brain, techniques to investigate cortical networks in acausal and directional manner are critical but limited. The use of iEEG enablesseveral approaches to directly characterize brain regions that are functionallyconnected and in some cases also establish directionality of these connections.In this chapter we focus on the basis, method and application of thecortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP), whereby electrical pulses applied toone set of intracranial electrodes yields an electrically-induced brainresponse at local and remote regions. In this chapter, CCEPs are firstcontextualized within common brain connectivity methods used to define corticalnetworks and how CCEP adds unique information. Second, the practical andanalytical considerations when using CCEP are discussed. Third, we review theneurophysiology underlying CCEPs and the applications of CCEPs includingexploring functional and pathological brain networks and probing brainplasticity. Finally, we end with a discussion of limitations, caveats, anddirections to improve CCEP utilization in the future.

How can I investigate causal brain networks with iEEG?