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Providing minimum quality-of-service (QoS) in crowded wireless communicationssystems, with high user density, is challenging due to the network structurewith limited transmit power budget and resource blocks. Smart resourceallocation methods, such as user scheduling, power allocation, and modulationand coding scheme selection, must be implemented to cope with the challenge.Aiming to enhance the number of served users with minimum QoS in the downlink(DL) channel of crowded extra-large scale massive multiple-inputmultiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems, in this paper we propose a QoS-aware jointuser scheduling and power allocation technique. The proposed technique isconstituted by two sequential procedures: the clique search-based scheduling(CBS) algorithm for user scheduling followed by optimal power allocation withtransmit power budget and minimum achievable rate per user constraints. Toaccurately evaluate the proposed technique in the XL-MIMO scenario, we proposea generalized non-stationary multi-state channel model based on spherical-wavepropagation assuming that users under LoS and NLoS transmission coexist in thesame communication cell. Such model considers that users under differentchannel states experience different propagation aspects both in the multipathfading model and the path loss rule. Numerical results on the achievablesum-rate, number of scheduled users, and distribution of the scheduled usersreveal that the proposed CBS algorithm provides a fair coverage over the wholecell area, achieving remarkable numbers of scheduled users when users under theLoS and NLoS channel states coexist in the communication cell.

QoS-Aware User Scheduling in Crowded XL-MIMO Systems Under Non-Stationary Multi-State LoS/NLoS Channels