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Understanding and mitigating drivers' negative emotions, stress levels, andanxiety is of high importance for decreasing accident rates, and enhancing roadsafety. While detecting drivers' stress and negative emotions can significantlyhelp with this goal, understanding what might be associated with increases indrivers' negative emotions and high stress level, might better help withplanning interventions. While studies have provided significant insight intodetecting drivers' emotions and stress levels, not many studies focused on thereasons behind changes in stress levels and negative emotions. In this study,by using a naturalistic driving study database, we analyze the changes in thedriving scene, including road objects and the dynamical relationship betweenthe ego vehicle and the lead vehicle with respect to changes in drivers'psychophysiological metrics (i.e., heart rate (HR) and facial expressions). Ourresults indicate that different road objects might be associated with varyinglevels of increase in drivers' HR as well as different proportions of negativefacial emotions detected through computer vision. Larger vehicles on the road,such as trucks and buses, are associated with the highest amount of increase indrivers' HR as well as negative emotions. Additionally, shorter distances andhigher standard deviation in the distance to the lead vehicle are associatedwith a higher number of abrupt increases in drivers' HR, depicting a possibleincrease in stress level. Our finding indicates more positive emotions, lowerfacial engagement, and a lower abrupt increase in HR at a higher speed ofdriving, which often happens in highway environments. This researchcollectively shows that driving at higher speeds happening in highways byavoiding certain road objects might be a better fit for keeping drivers in acalmer, more positive state.

How are Drivers' Stress Levels and Emotions Associated with the Driving Context? A Naturalistic Study