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This paper presents a data-driven framework to improve the trustworthiness ofUS tax preparation software systems. Given the legal implications of bugs insuch software on its users, ensuring compliance and trustworthiness of taxpreparation software is of paramount importance. The key barriers in developingdebugging aids for tax preparation systems are the unavailability of explicitspecifications and the difficulty of obtaining oracles. We posit that, sincethe US tax law adheres to the legal doctrine of precedent, the specificationsabout the outcome of tax preparation software for an individual taxpayer mustbe viewed in comparison with individuals that are deemed similar. Consequently,these specifications are naturally available as properties on the softwarerequiring similar inputs provide similar outputs. Inspired by the metamorphictesting paradigm, we dub these relations metamorphic relations.  In collaboration with legal and tax experts, we explicated metamorphicrelations for a set of challenging properties from various US Internal RevenueServices (IRS) publications including Publication 596 (Earned Income TaxCredit), Schedule 8812 (Qualifying Children/Other Dependents), and Form 8863(Education Credits). We focus on an open-source tax preparation software forour case study and develop a randomized test-case generation strategy tosystematically validate the correctness of tax preparation software guided bymetamorphic relations. We further aid this test-case generation by visuallyexplaining the behavior of software on suspicious instances using easyto-interpret decision-tree models. Our tool uncovered several accountabilitybugs with varying severity ranging from non-robust behavior in corner-cases(unreliable behavior when tax returns are close to zero) to missing eligibilityconditions in the updated versions of software.

Metamorphic Testing and Debugging of Tax Preparation Software