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Current web accessibility guidelines ask visualization designers to supportscreen readers via basic non-visual alternatives like textual descriptions andaccess to raw data tables. But charts do more than summarize data or reproducetables; they afford interactive data exploration at varying levels ofgranularity -- from fine-grained datum-by-datum reading to skimming andsurfacing high-level trends. In response to the lack of comparable non-visualaffordances, we present a set of rich screen reader experiences for accessibledata visualization and exploration. Through an iterative co-design process, weidentify three key design dimensions for expressive screen readeraccessibility: structure, or how chart entities should be organized for ascreen reader to traverse; navigation, or the structural, spatial, and targetedoperations a user might perform to step through the structure; and,description, or the semantic content, composition, and verbosity of the screenreader's narration. We operationalize these dimensions to prototypescreen-reader-accessible visualizations that cover a diverse range of charttypes and combinations of our design dimensions. We evaluate a subset of theseprototypes in a mixed-methods study with 13 blind and low vision readers. Ourfindings demonstrate that these designs help users conceptualize dataspatially, selectively attend to data of interest at different levels ofgranularity, and experience control and agency over their data analysisprocess. An accessible HTML version of this paper is available at:http://vis.csail.mit.edu/pubs/rich-screen-reader-vis-experiences.

Rich Screen Reader Experiences for Accessible Data Visualization