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Smart cities deploy large numbers of sensors and collect a tremendous amountof data from them. For example, Advanced Metering Infrastructures (AMIs), whichconsist of physical meters that collect usage data about public utilities suchas power and water, are an important building block in a smart city. In atypical sensor network, the measurement devices are connected through acomputer network, which exposes them to cyber attacks. Furthermore, the data iscentrally managed at the operator's servers, making it vulnerable to insiderthreats.  Our goal is to protect the integrity of data collected by large-scale sensornetworks and the firmware in measurement devices from cyber attacks and insiderthreats. To this end, we first develop a comprehensive threat model for attacksagainst data and firmware integrity, which can target any of the stakeholdersin the operation of the sensor network. Next, we use our threat model toanalyze existing defense mechanisms, including signature checks, remotefirmware attestation, anomaly detection, and blockchain-based secure logs.However, the large size of the Trusted Computing Base and a lack of scalabilitylimit the applicability of these existing mechanisms. We propose theFeather-Light Blockchain Infrastructure (FLBI) framework to address theselimitations. Our framework leverages a two-layer architecture and cryptographicthreshold signature chains to support large networks of low-capacity devicessuch as meters and data aggregators. We have fully implemented the FLBI'send-to-end functionality on the Hyperledger Fabric and private Ethereumblockchain platforms. Our experiments show that the FLBI is able to supportmillions of end devices.

Protecting the Integrity of IoT Sensor Data and Firmware With A Feather-Light Blockchain Infrastructure