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With the expansion of cloud services, serious concerns about the privacy ofusers' data arise due to the exposure of the unencrypted data to the serverduring computation. Various security primitives are under investigation topreserve privacy while evaluating private data, including Fully HomomorphicEncryption (FHE), Private Set Intersection (PSI), and others. However, theprohibitive processing time of these primitives hinders their practicalapplications. This work proposes and implements an architecture foraccelerating third-generation FHE with Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud FPGAs,marking the first hardware acceleration solution for third-generation FHE. Wealso introduce a novel unbalanced PSI protocol based on third-generation FHE,optimized for the proposed hardware architecture. Severalalgorithm-architecture co-optimization techniques are introduced to allow thecommunication and computation costs to be independent of the Sender's set size.The measurement results show that the proposed accelerator achieves $>21\times$performance improvement compared to a software implementation for variouscrucial subroutines of third-generation FHE and the proposed PSI.

Hardware Acceleration for Third-Generation FHE and PSI Based on It