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Atomically engineered artificial lattices are a useful tool for simulatingcomplex quantum phenomena, but have so far been limited to the study ofHamiltonians where electron-electron interactions do not play a role -- butit's precisely the regime in which these interactions do matter wherecomputational times lend simulations a critical advantage over numericalmethods. Here, we propose a new platform for constructing artificial matterthat relies on the confinement of field-emission resonances, a class ofvacuum-localized discretized electronic states. We use atom manipulation ofsurface vacancies in a chlorine-terminated Cu(100) surface to reveal squarepatches of the underlying metal, thereby creating atomically-precise potentialwells that host particle-in-a-box modes. By adjusting the shape and size of theconfining potential, we can access states with different quantum numbers,making these patches attractive candidates as quantum dots or artificial atoms.We demonstrate that the lifetime of electrons in these engineered states can beextended and tuned through modification of the confining potential, either viaatomic assembly or by changing the tip-sample distance. We also demonstratecontrol over a finite range of state-filling, a parameter which plays a keyrole in the evolution of quantum many-body states. We model the transportthrough the localized state to disentangle and quantify the lifetime-limitingprocesses, illustrating the critical dependency of the electron lifetime on theproperties of the underlying bulk band structure. The interplay with the bulkbands also gives rise to negative differential resistance, opening possibleavenues for engineering custom atomic-scale resonant tunnelling diodes, whichexhibit similar current-voltage characteristics.

Confined vacuum resonances as artificial atoms with tunable lifetime