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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is often defined as the next general purposetechnology (GPT) with profound economic and societal consequences. We examinehow strongly four patent AI classification methods reproduce the GPT-likefeatures of (1) intrinsic growth, (2) generality, and (3) innovationcomplementarities. Studying US patents from 1990-2019, we find that the fourmethods (keywords, scientific citations, WIPO, and USPTO approach) vary inclassifying between 3-17% of all patents as AI. The keyword-based approachdemonstrates the strongest intrinsic growth and generality despite identifyingthe smallest set of AI patents. The WIPO and science approaches generate eachGPT characteristic less strikingly, whilst the USPTO set with the largestnumber of patents produces the weakest features. The lack of overlap andheterogeneity between all four approaches emphasises that the evaluation of AIinnovation policies may be sensitive to the choice of classification method.

Exploring Artificial Intelligence as a General Purpose Technology with Patent Data -- A Systematic Comparison of Four Classification Approaches