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The renewable energy sector critically needs low-cost and environmentallyneutral energy storage solutions throughout the entire device life cycle.However, the limited performance of standard water-based electrochemicalsystems prevents their use in specific applications. Meanwhile, recentfundamental studies revealed dielectric anomalies of water near solid-liquidinterfaces of carbon-based nanomaterials. In contrast to the bulk waterproperties, these anomalies of water under nano-confinement and in the presenceof electric fields have not yet been understood and used. Here, weexperimentally study the ability of the interfacial water layer to engender andstore charge in electrochemical double-layer capacitance. We demonstrate theprototype of a 'water only' membrane-electrode assembly. The prototype exhibitscharacteristics with a perspective of competing with existing batteries andsupercapacitors without using electrolytes as ionic carriers. The resultsprovide the impetus for developing high-energy-density electrochemicaldouble-layer capacitors and open up other avenues for ecologically-neutralbatteries, fuel cells, and nanofluidic devices.

Confinement-controlled Water Engenders High Energy Density Electrochemical-double-layer Capacitance