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Antineutrinos are an unavoidable byproduct of the fission process. Thekiloton-scale KamLAND experiment has demonstrated the capability to detectreactor antineutrinos at few-hundred-km range. But to detect or rule out theexistence of a single small reactor over many km requires a large detector. Solarge in fact that the optical opacity of the detection medium itself becomesan important factor. If the detector is so large that photons cannot traverseacross the detector medium to an optical detector, then it becomes impractical.For this reason, gadolinium-doped-water Cherenkov detectors have been proposedfor large volumes, due to their appealing light-attenuation properties. Eventhough Cherenkov emission does not produce many photons and the energyresolution is poor, there may be a place for Gd-doped-water detectors in thefar-field nuclear reactor monitoring.  In this paper, we focus on the reactor discovery potential of large-volumeGd-doped-water Cherenkov detectors for nuclear nonproliferation applications.Realistic background models for the worldwide reactor flux, geo-neutrinos,cosmogenic fast neutrons, and detector-associated backgrounds are included. Wecalculate the detector run time required to detect a small 50-MWt reactor at avariety of stand-off distances as a function of detector size. We highlightthat at present, PMT dark rate and event reconstruction algorithms are thelimiting factors to extending beyond ~50-kt fiducial mass.

Scalability of gadolinium-doped-water Cherenkov detectors for nuclear nonproliferation