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The passive electronically scanned array (PESA) is widely used due to itssimple structure and low cost. {Its antenna weights have unit modulus and thus,only the weights phases can be controlled. PESA has limited degrees of freedomfor beampattern design, where only the direction of the main beam can becontrolled.} In this paper we propose a novel way to improve the beamformingcapability of PESA by endowing it with more degrees of freedom via the use ofdouble phase shifters (DPS). By doing so, both the magnitude and the phase ofthe antenna weights can be controlled, allowing for more flexibility inbeampattern design. We also take into account the physical resolutionlimitation of phase shifters, and propose a method to approximate a givencomplex beamformer using DPS. Simulation results indicate significantbeamforming improvement even at low phase resolution.

Phased Array With Improved Beamforming Capability via Use of Double Phase Shifters