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Objective: The effect of camera viewpoint was studied when performingvisually obstructed psychomotor targeting tasks. Background: Previous researchin laparoscopy and robotic teleoperation found that complex perceptual-motoradaptations associated with misaligned viewpoints corresponded to degradedperformance in manipulation. Because optimal camera positioning is oftenunavailable in restricted environments, alternative viewpoints that mightmitigate performance effects are not obvious. Methods: A virtualkeyboard-controlled targeting task was remotely distributed to workers ofAmazon Mechanical Turk. The experiment was performed by 192 subjects for astatic viewpoint with independent parameters of target direction, Fitts' lawindex of difficulty, viewpoint azimuthal angle (AA), and viewpoint polar angle(PA). A dynamic viewpoint experiment was also performed by 112 subjects inwhich the viewpoint AA changed after every trial. Results: AA and targetdirection had significant effects on performance for the static viewpointexperiment. Movement time and travel distance increased while AA increaseduntil there was a discrete improvement in performance for 180{\deg}. IncreasingAA from 225{\deg} to 315{\deg} linearly decreased movement time and distance.There were significant main effects of current AA and magnitude of transitionfor the dynamic viewpoint experiment. Orthogonal direction and no-changeviewpoint transitions least affected performance. Conclusions: Viewpointselection should aim to minimize associated rotations within the manipulationplane when performing targeting tasks whether implementing a static or dynamicviewing solution. Because PA rotations had negligible performance effects, PAadjustments may extend the space of viable viewpoints. Applications: Theseresults can inform viewpoint-selection for visual feedback during psychomotortasks.

Manually Acquiring Targets from Multiple Viewpoints Using Video Feedback