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Detailed feature investigations and comparisons across climates, continentsand time series types can progress our understanding and modelling ability ofthe Earth's hydroclimate and its dynamics. As a step towards these importantdirections, we here propose and extensively apply a multifaceted andengineering-friendly methodological framework for the thorough characterizationof seasonal hydroclimatic dependence, variability and change at the globalscale. We apply this framework using over 13 000 quarterly temperature,precipitation and river flow time series. In these time series, the seasonalhydroclimatic behaviour is represented by 3-month means of earth-observedvariables. In our analyses, we also adopt the well-established Koppen-Geigerclimate classification system and define continental-scale regions with largeor medium density of observational stations. In this context, we provide inparallel seasonal hydroclimatic feature summaries and comparisons in terms ofautocorrelation, seasonality, temporal variation, entropy, long-rangedependence and trends. We find notable differences to characterize themagnitudes of most of these features across the various Koppen-Geiger climateclasses, as well as between several continental-scale geographical regions. We,therefore, deem that the consideration of the comparative summaries could bemore beneficial in water resources engineering contexts than the also providedglobal summaries. Lastly, we apply explainable machine learning to compare theinvestigated features with respect to how informative they are in explainingand predicting either the main Koppen-Geiger climate or the continental-scaleregion, with the entropy, long-range dependence and trend features being(roughly) found to be less informative than the remaining ones at the seasonaltime scale.

Features of the Earth's seasonal hydroclimate: Characterizations and comparisons across the Koppen-Geiger climates and across continents