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Concurrent TMS-fMRI involves administrating TMS while subjects are inside anMRI scanner and allows the study of the effects of neurostimulation onsimultaneous brain activity. Despite its high promise, the technique has provenchallenging to implement for at least three reasons. First, it is difficult toposition and stabilize the TMS coil inside the MRI scanner in a way thatprecisely targets a pre-specified brain region. Second, standardtask-presentation software suffers from imprecise timing, which can lead to TMScausing large image artifacts. Third, it is difficult to verify the exact TMScoil position during scanning. In this paper, we describe solutions to allthree of these challenges. First, we develop a 3D-printed TMS stand that isfully adjustable and can reach most areas of the scalp. The stand is compatiblewith various MR coils and features an adjustable mirror holder. Second, wecreate an interface that can precisely time the TMS pulses with respect to thefMRI image acquisition with a variance of under 1 ms. Third, we developsoftware for precisely determining the TMS coil position inside the MRI scannerand computing the location of maximal stimulation. All three tools are eitherfree or inexpensive. We provide detailed instructions for building andimplementing these tools to facilitate an efficient and reliable concurrentTMS-fMRI setup.

3D-printed stand, timing interface, and coil localization tools for concurrent TMS-fMRI experiments