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The influence of spin-orbit interaction on chemical bonds in elemental solidsand homonuclear dimers is analyzed by means of density-functional-theorycalculations. Employing highly precise all-electron full-potential methodology,our results represent benchmark quality. Comparison of the scalar- andfully-relativistic approaches for elemental solids shows that the spin-orbitinteraction may contract or expand the volume of the considered material. Thelargest variation of the volume is obtained for Au, Tl, I, Bi, Po and Hg,exhibiting changes between 1.0--7.6\%. Using the tight-binding model, we showfor diatomic molecules that the nature of this effect lies in the angularrearrangement of bonding and antibonding orbitals introduced by spin-orbitcoupling. Such an angular rearrangement appears in partially filled $p$- or$d$-orbitals in heavy elements. Finally, we discuss the impact of therelativistic effects on the chemical bonding in single-layer iodides andtransition metal dichalcogenides

Influence of spin-orbit coupling on chemical bonding